{"id":122,"date":"2020-04-29T14:16:36","date_gmt":"2020-04-29T14:16:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=122"},"modified":"2021-09-03T17:50:20","modified_gmt":"2021-09-03T17:50:20","slug":"gestalt-principles-of-perception","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/chapter\/gestalt-principles-of-perception\/","title":{"raw":"Gestalt Principles of Perception","rendered":"Gestalt Principles of Perception"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"PageContent-ny9bj0-0 iapMdy\">\r\n<div id=\"main-content\" class=\"MainContent__HideOutline-sc-6yy1if-0 bdVAq\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define Gestalt principles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe how perceptual set is influenced by an individual's characteristics and mental state<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em;font-weight: normal\">In the early part of the 20th century, Max Wertheimer published a paper demonstrating that individuals perceived motion in rapidly flickering static images\u2014an insight that came to him as he used a child\u2019s toy tachistoscope. Wertheimer, and his assistants Wolfgang K\u00f6hler and Kurt Koffka, who later became his partners, believed that perception involved more than simply combining sensory stimuli. This belief led to a new movement within the field of psychology known as\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term380\">Gestalt psychology<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em;font-weight: normal\">. The word\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em;font-weight: normal\">gestalt\u00a0<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em;font-weight: normal\">literally means form or pattern, but its use reflects the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. In other words, the brain creates a perception that is more than simply the sum of available sensory inputs, and it does so in predictable ways. Gestalt psychologists translated these predictable ways into principles by which we organize sensory information. As a result, Gestalt psychology has been extremely influential in the area of sensation and perception (Rock &amp; Palmer, 1990).<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 1032px\" width=\"975\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 1017.04px;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table SAP.2 Summary of Gestalt Principles of Form Perception.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 96.92px\">Principle<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 236.42px\">Description<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 469.47px\">Example<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 172.35px\">Image<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Figure-ground relationship<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">We structure input so that we always see a figure (image) against a ground (background).<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">At right, you may see a vase or you may see two faces, but in either case, you will organize the image as a figure against a ground.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\">\r\n<div class=\"figure small\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/d100af2425fc65bd44d660e20df82bee.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-151 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/d100af2425fc65bd44d660e20df82bee.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"301\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Similarity<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">Stimuli that are similar to each other tend to be grouped together.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">You are more likely to see three similar columns among the <em class=\"emphasis\">XYX<\/em> characters at right than you are to see four rows.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\">\r\n<div class=\"figure small\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/99698f39231a8216ea794b0cbb3749d4.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-152 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/99698f39231a8216ea794b0cbb3749d4.jpg\" alt=\"Xs and Ys\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Proximity<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">We tend to group nearby figures together.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">Do you see four or eight images at right? Principles of proximity suggest that you might see only four.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\">\r\n<div class=\"figure small\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/b363b29d182282b10681e34e9cf5ffe7.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-153 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/b363b29d182282b10681e34e9cf5ffe7.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a>\r\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Continuity<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">We tend to perceive stimuli in smooth, continuous ways rather than in more discontinuous ways.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">At right, most people see a line of dots that moves from the lower left to the upper right, rather than a line that moves from the left and then suddenly turns down. The principle of continuity leads us to see most lines as following the smoothest possible path.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\">\r\n<div class=\"figure small\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/be9842547ed5489f1b124614ee57d0b6.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-154 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/be9842547ed5489f1b124614ee57d0b6.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Closure<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">We tend to fill in gaps in an incomplete image to create a complete, whole object.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">Closure leads us to see a single spherical object at right rather than a set of unrelated cones.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/fe704ab1f4b03f5281118eb5fba6ca91.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-155 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/fe704ab1f4b03f5281118eb5fba6ca91.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div id=\"Figure_05_06_Proximity\" class=\"os-figure\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Credit: USask Textbook<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp151698576\" class=\"psychology link-to-learning ui-has-child-title\"><section>\r\n<div class=\"os-note-body\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">LINK TO LEARNING<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Watch this\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/openstax.org\/l\/gestalt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">video showing real world examples of Gestalt principles<\/a>\u00a0to learn more.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to Gestalt theorists,\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term388\">pattern perception<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, or our ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes, occurs by following the principles described above. You probably feel fairly certain that your perception accurately matches the real world, but this is not always the case. Our perceptions are based on\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term389\">perceptual hypotheses<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: educated guesses that we make while interpreting sensory information. These hypotheses are informed by a number of factors, including our personalities, experiences, and expectations. We use these hypotheses to generate our perceptual set. For instance, research has demonstrated that those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures (Goolkasian &amp; Woodbury, 2010).<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm59871472\" class=\"psychology dig-deeper ui-has-child-title\"><header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">DIG DEEPER<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><section>\r\n<div class=\"os-note-body\">\r\n<h4 id=\"25067\" class=\"os-subtitle\"><span class=\"os-subtitle-label\">The Depths of Perception: Bias, Prejudice, and Cultural Factors<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm31819776\">In this chapter, you have learned that perception is a complex process. Built from sensations, but influenced by our own experiences, biases, prejudices, and\u00a0<span id=\"term390\" class=\"no-emphasis\">cultures<\/span>, perceptions can be very different from person to person. Research suggests that implicit racial\u00a0<span id=\"term391\" class=\"no-emphasis\">prejudice<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0<span id=\"term392\" class=\"no-emphasis\">stereotypes<\/span>\u00a0affect perception. For instance, several studies have demonstrated that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person (Payne, 2001; Payne, Shimizu, &amp; Jacoby, 2005). Furthermore, White individuals\u2019 decisions to shoot an armed target in a video game is made more quickly when the target is Black (Correll, Park, Judd, &amp; Wittenbrink, 2002; Correll, Urland, &amp; Ito, 2006). This research is important, considering the number of very high-profile cases in the last few decades in which young POC were killed by people who claimed to believe that the unarmed individuals were armed and\/or represented some threat to their personal safety.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/header><\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"PageContent-ny9bj0-0 iapMdy\">\n<div id=\"main-content\" class=\"MainContent__HideOutline-sc-6yy1if-0 bdVAq\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Define Gestalt principles<\/li>\n<li>Describe how perceptual set is influenced by an individual&#8217;s characteristics and mental state<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em;font-weight: normal\">In the early part of the 20th century, Max Wertheimer published a paper demonstrating that individuals perceived motion in rapidly flickering static images\u2014an insight that came to him as he used a child\u2019s toy tachistoscope. Wertheimer, and his assistants Wolfgang K\u00f6hler and Kurt Koffka, who later became his partners, believed that perception involved more than simply combining sensory stimuli. This belief led to a new movement within the field of psychology known as\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term380\">Gestalt psychology<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em;font-weight: normal\">. The word\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em;font-weight: normal\">gestalt\u00a0<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-family: Lora, serif;font-size: 1em;font-weight: normal\">literally means form or pattern, but its use reflects the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. In other words, the brain creates a perception that is more than simply the sum of available sensory inputs, and it does so in predictable ways. Gestalt psychologists translated these predictable ways into principles by which we organize sensory information. As a result, Gestalt psychology has been extremely influential in the area of sensation and perception (Rock &amp; Palmer, 1990).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 1032px; width: 975px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 1017.04px;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table SAP.2 Summary of Gestalt Principles of Form Perception.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 96.92px\">Principle<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 236.42px\">Description<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 469.47px\">Example<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 172.35px\">Image<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Figure-ground relationship<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">We structure input so that we always see a figure (image) against a ground (background).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">At right, you may see a vase or you may see two faces, but in either case, you will organize the image as a figure against a ground.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\">\n<div class=\"figure small\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/d100af2425fc65bd44d660e20df82bee.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-151 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/d100af2425fc65bd44d660e20df82bee.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"301\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Similarity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">Stimuli that are similar to each other tend to be grouped together.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">You are more likely to see three similar columns among the <em class=\"emphasis\">XYX<\/em> characters at right than you are to see four rows.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\">\n<div class=\"figure small\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/99698f39231a8216ea794b0cbb3749d4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-152 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/99698f39231a8216ea794b0cbb3749d4.jpg\" alt=\"Xs and Ys\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Proximity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">We tend to group nearby figures together.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">Do you see four or eight images at right? Principles of proximity suggest that you might see only four.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\">\n<div class=\"figure small\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/b363b29d182282b10681e34e9cf5ffe7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-153 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/b363b29d182282b10681e34e9cf5ffe7.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Continuity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">We tend to perceive stimuli in smooth, continuous ways rather than in more discontinuous ways.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">At right, most people see a line of dots that moves from the lower left to the upper right, rather than a line that moves from the left and then suddenly turns down. The principle of continuity leads us to see most lines as following the smoothest possible path.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\">\n<div class=\"figure small\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/be9842547ed5489f1b124614ee57d0b6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-154 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/be9842547ed5489f1b124614ee57d0b6.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 96.92px\"><strong>Closure<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 236.42px\">We tend to fill in gaps in an incomplete image to create a complete, whole object.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 469.47px\">Closure leads us to see a single spherical object at right rather than a set of unrelated cones.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.35px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/60\/2013\/11\/fe704ab1f4b03f5281118eb5fba6ca91.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-155 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intro-psychology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2019\/12\/fe704ab1f4b03f5281118eb5fba6ca91.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"Figure_05_06_Proximity\" class=\"os-figure\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Credit: USask Textbook<\/span><\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp151698576\" class=\"psychology link-to-learning ui-has-child-title\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"os-note-body\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">LINK TO LEARNING<\/span><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Watch this\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/openstax.org\/l\/gestalt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">video showing real world examples of Gestalt principles<\/a>\u00a0to learn more.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to Gestalt theorists,\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term388\">pattern perception<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, or our ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes, occurs by following the principles described above. You probably feel fairly certain that your perception accurately matches the real world, but this is not always the case. Our perceptions are based on\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term389\">perceptual hypotheses<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: educated guesses that we make while interpreting sensory information. These hypotheses are informed by a number of factors, including our personalities, experiences, and expectations. We use these hypotheses to generate our perceptual set. For instance, research has demonstrated that those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures (Goolkasian &amp; Woodbury, 2010).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm59871472\" class=\"psychology dig-deeper ui-has-child-title\">\n<header>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><\/div>\n<\/header>\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">DIG DEEPER<\/span><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"os-note-body\">\n<h4 id=\"25067\" class=\"os-subtitle\"><span class=\"os-subtitle-label\">The Depths of Perception: Bias, Prejudice, and Cultural Factors<\/span><\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-idm31819776\">In this chapter, you have learned that perception is a complex process. Built from sensations, but influenced by our own experiences, biases, prejudices, and\u00a0<span id=\"term390\" class=\"no-emphasis\">cultures<\/span>, perceptions can be very different from person to person. Research suggests that implicit racial\u00a0<span id=\"term391\" class=\"no-emphasis\">prejudice<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0<span id=\"term392\" class=\"no-emphasis\">stereotypes<\/span>\u00a0affect perception. For instance, several studies have demonstrated that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person (Payne, 2001; Payne, Shimizu, &amp; Jacoby, 2005). Furthermore, White individuals\u2019 decisions to shoot an armed target in a video game is made more quickly when the target is Black (Correll, Park, Judd, &amp; Wittenbrink, 2002; Correll, Urland, &amp; Ito, 2006). This research is important, considering the number of very high-profile cases in the last few decades in which young POC were killed by people who claimed to believe that the unarmed individuals were armed and\/or represented some threat to their personal safety.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":27,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/122"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/122\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2074,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/122\/revisions\/2074"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/27"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/122\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=122"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=122"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=122"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=122"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}