{"id":147,"date":"2020-04-29T14:26:56","date_gmt":"2020-04-29T14:26:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=147"},"modified":"2021-01-29T15:49:42","modified_gmt":"2021-01-29T15:49:42","slug":"key-terms-of-states-of-consciousness","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/chapter\/key-terms-of-states-of-consciousness\/","title":{"raw":"Key Terms of States of Consciousness","rendered":"Key Terms of States of Consciousness"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"PageContent-ny9bj0-0 iapMdy\">\r\n<div id=\"main-content\" class=\"MainContent__HideOutline-sc-6yy1if-0 bdVAq\">\r\n<div class=\"os-eoc os-glossary-container\">\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm104835072\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"35349\">alpha wave<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm103145936\">type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm81986592\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"45176\">biological rhythm<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm49585472\">internal cycle of biological activity<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp28170560\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"50518\">cataplexy<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp115503600\">lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp69993952\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"33819\">central sleep apnea<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp45642032\">sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm82476304\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"57218\">circadian rhythm<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm77651504\">biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm20904912\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"50879\">codeine<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp21801216\">opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp75406000\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"85076\">cognitive-behavioural therapy<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp76885744\">psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviours that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm103263728\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"13422\">collective unconscious<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm65791568\">theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm57145728\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"1396\">consciousness<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm62947344\">awareness of internal and external stimuli<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp28189744\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"412\">continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp53081552\">device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper\u2019s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person\u2019s airways, forcing them to remain open<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<strong>divided attention<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-eoc os-glossary-container\"><em>the process in which individuals attend to many sources of information at once<\/em><\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-eoc os-glossary-container\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;font-size: 1em\">delta wave\r\n<\/span><span style=\"font-style: italic;font-size: 1em\">type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep<\/span><\/div>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp65611216\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"18795\">depressant<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp19159280\">drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp59806624\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"57188\">euphoric high<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp73253440\">feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm82986256\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"16787\">evolutionary psychology<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm118159520\">discipline that studies how universal patterns of behaviour and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp9517200\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"92099\">hallucinogen<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp203773024\">one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp79441392\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"56242\">homeostasis<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm8524000\">tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm37960896\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"80643\">hypnosis<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm44287296\">state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm58823392\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"86901\">insomnia<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm19210640\">consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month\u2019s time<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp39238496\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"55629\">jet lag<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm56693936\">collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp8118352\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"37643\">K-complex<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm108959040\">very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm185358048\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"7228\">latent content<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm135468368\">hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud\u2019s view of the function of dreams<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm170657888\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"40019\">lucid dream<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm113027200\">people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream\u2019s content<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp60578064\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"99037\">manifest content<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm84864144\">storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud\u2019s view of the function of dreams<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm14984480\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"78598\">meditation<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp78423776\">clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp79023776\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"42330\">melatonin<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm81208416\">hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm108943680\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"33370\">meta-analysis<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm60182784\">study that combines the results of several related studies<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp192008800\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"69765\">methadone<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm32659424\">synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp103642992\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"77708\">methadone clinic<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp876608\">uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp90765648\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"46376\">methamphetamine<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm3113712\">type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp38425264\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"14057\">narcolepsy<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp66076144\">sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm24794672\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"52841\">night terror<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp185863264\">sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm159505600\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"61244\">non-REM (NREM)<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm67614944\">period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp17219472\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"39996\">obstructive sleep apnea<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm7151456\">sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm77221584\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"86894\">opiate\/opioid<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp3165488\">one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp20865056\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"10291\">parinsomnia<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp16242576\">one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and\/or experiences during sleep<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp407312\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"8827\">physical dependence<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm3425264\">changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm83660192\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"83287\">pineal gland<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp46499200\">endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp57531392\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"67114\">psychological dependence<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm5916624\">emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm135915520\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"35342\">rapid eye movement (REM) sleep<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm119666400\">period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp24505952\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"28742\">REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp35456896\">sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp47779152\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"55057\">restless leg syndrome<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp135056880\">sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm19986992\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"51780\">rotating shift work<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm85799664\">work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis<\/dd>\r\n \t<dd><\/dd>\r\n \t<dd><\/dd>\r\n \t<dd><strong>selective attention<\/strong><\/dd>\r\n \t<dd>the ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp36162992\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"54768\">sleep<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm12400656\">state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp4719744\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"79256\">sleep apnea<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp14665552\">sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm65957072\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"42528\">sleep debt<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm83995760\">result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm146383088\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"66639\">sleep rebound<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm128559424\">sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm46655040\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"72182\">sleep regulation<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm57099360\">brain\u2019s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm133535792\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"65119\">sleep spindle<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm89853728\">rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm26303520\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"6471\">sleepwalking<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp40452464\">(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviours<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm107724896\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"53915\">stage 1 sleep<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp2132096\">first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm101701824\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"24208\">stage 2 sleep<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm107788016\">second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp55661280\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"58952\">stage 3 sleep<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm70533488\">third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp46362144\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"70136\">stage 4 sleep<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm122429376\">fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp25811728\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"8817\">stimulant<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp103657760\">drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp43213696\">\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idp144117344\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;font-size: 1em\">suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)<\/span><\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm50634240\">\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm45368704\">area of the hypothalamus in which the body\u2019s biological clock is located<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idp44300608\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"80398\">theta wave<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm138837888\">type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm4025280\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"33839\">tolerance<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm5742032\">state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm19915680\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"60862\">wakefulness<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm57722912\">characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm1659296\">\r\n \t<dt id=\"56826\">withdrawal<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm1501888\">variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"PageContent-ny9bj0-0 iapMdy\">\n<div id=\"main-content\" class=\"MainContent__HideOutline-sc-6yy1if-0 bdVAq\">\n<div class=\"os-eoc os-glossary-container\">\n<dl id=\"fs-idm104835072\">\n<dt id=\"35349\">alpha wave<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm103145936\">type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm81986592\">\n<dt id=\"45176\">biological rhythm<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm49585472\">internal cycle of biological activity<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp28170560\">\n<dt id=\"50518\">cataplexy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp115503600\">lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp69993952\">\n<dt id=\"33819\">central sleep apnea<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp45642032\">sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm82476304\">\n<dt id=\"57218\">circadian rhythm<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm77651504\">biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm20904912\">\n<dt id=\"50879\">codeine<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp21801216\">opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp75406000\">\n<dt id=\"85076\">cognitive-behavioural therapy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp76885744\">psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviours that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm103263728\">\n<dt id=\"13422\">collective unconscious<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm65791568\">theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm57145728\">\n<dt id=\"1396\">consciousness<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm62947344\">awareness of internal and external stimuli<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp28189744\">\n<dt id=\"412\">continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp53081552\">device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper\u2019s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person\u2019s airways, forcing them to remain open<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p><strong>divided attention<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"os-eoc os-glossary-container\"><em>the process in which individuals attend to many sources of information at once<\/em><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"os-eoc os-glossary-container\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;font-size: 1em\">delta wave<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-style: italic;font-size: 1em\">type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep<\/span><\/div>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp65611216\">\n<dt id=\"18795\">depressant<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp19159280\">drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp59806624\">\n<dt id=\"57188\">euphoric high<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp73253440\">feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm82986256\">\n<dt id=\"16787\">evolutionary psychology<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm118159520\">discipline that studies how universal patterns of behaviour and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp9517200\">\n<dt id=\"92099\">hallucinogen<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp203773024\">one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp79441392\">\n<dt id=\"56242\">homeostasis<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm8524000\">tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm37960896\">\n<dt id=\"80643\">hypnosis<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm44287296\">state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm58823392\">\n<dt id=\"86901\">insomnia<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm19210640\">consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month\u2019s time<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp39238496\">\n<dt id=\"55629\">jet lag<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm56693936\">collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp8118352\">\n<dt id=\"37643\">K-complex<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm108959040\">very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm185358048\">\n<dt id=\"7228\">latent content<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm135468368\">hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud\u2019s view of the function of dreams<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm170657888\">\n<dt id=\"40019\">lucid dream<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm113027200\">people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream\u2019s content<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp60578064\">\n<dt id=\"99037\">manifest content<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm84864144\">storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud\u2019s view of the function of dreams<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm14984480\">\n<dt id=\"78598\">meditation<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp78423776\">clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp79023776\">\n<dt id=\"42330\">melatonin<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm81208416\">hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm108943680\">\n<dt id=\"33370\">meta-analysis<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm60182784\">study that combines the results of several related studies<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp192008800\">\n<dt id=\"69765\">methadone<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm32659424\">synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp103642992\">\n<dt id=\"77708\">methadone clinic<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp876608\">uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp90765648\">\n<dt id=\"46376\">methamphetamine<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm3113712\">type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp38425264\">\n<dt id=\"14057\">narcolepsy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp66076144\">sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm24794672\">\n<dt id=\"52841\">night terror<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp185863264\">sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm159505600\">\n<dt id=\"61244\">non-REM (NREM)<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm67614944\">period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp17219472\">\n<dt id=\"39996\">obstructive sleep apnea<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm7151456\">sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm77221584\">\n<dt id=\"86894\">opiate\/opioid<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp3165488\">one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp20865056\">\n<dt id=\"10291\">parinsomnia<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp16242576\">one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and\/or experiences during sleep<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp407312\">\n<dt id=\"8827\">physical dependence<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm3425264\">changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm83660192\">\n<dt id=\"83287\">pineal gland<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp46499200\">endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp57531392\">\n<dt id=\"67114\">psychological dependence<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm5916624\">emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm135915520\">\n<dt id=\"35342\">rapid eye movement (REM) sleep<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm119666400\">period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp24505952\">\n<dt id=\"28742\">REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp35456896\">sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp47779152\">\n<dt id=\"55057\">restless leg syndrome<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp135056880\">sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm19986992\">\n<dt id=\"51780\">rotating shift work<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm85799664\">work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis<\/dd>\n<dd><\/dd>\n<dd><\/dd>\n<dd><strong>selective attention<\/strong><\/dd>\n<dd>the ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp36162992\">\n<dt id=\"54768\">sleep<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm12400656\">state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp4719744\">\n<dt id=\"79256\">sleep apnea<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp14665552\">sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm65957072\">\n<dt id=\"42528\">sleep debt<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm83995760\">result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm146383088\">\n<dt id=\"66639\">sleep rebound<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm128559424\">sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm46655040\">\n<dt id=\"72182\">sleep regulation<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm57099360\">brain\u2019s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm133535792\">\n<dt id=\"65119\">sleep spindle<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm89853728\">rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm26303520\">\n<dt id=\"6471\">sleepwalking<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp40452464\">(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviours<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm107724896\">\n<dt id=\"53915\">stage 1 sleep<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp2132096\">first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm101701824\">\n<dt id=\"24208\">stage 2 sleep<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm107788016\">second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp55661280\">\n<dt id=\"58952\">stage 3 sleep<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm70533488\">third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp46362144\">\n<dt id=\"70136\">stage 4 sleep<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm122429376\">fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp25811728\">\n<dt id=\"8817\">stimulant<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idp103657760\">drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp43213696\">\n<dd id=\"fs-idp144117344\"><span style=\"font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;font-size: 1em\">suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm50634240\">\n<dd id=\"fs-idm45368704\">area of the hypothalamus in which the body\u2019s biological clock is located<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idp44300608\">\n<dt id=\"80398\">theta wave<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm138837888\">type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm4025280\">\n<dt id=\"33839\">tolerance<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm5742032\">state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm19915680\">\n<dt id=\"60862\">wakefulness<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm57722912\">characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm1659296\">\n<dt id=\"56826\">withdrawal<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm1501888\">variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":25,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/147"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/147\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1972,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/147\/revisions\/1972"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/25"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/147\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=147"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=147"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}