{"id":295,"date":"2020-05-05T18:44:23","date_gmt":"2020-05-05T18:44:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/?post_type=chapter&p=295"},"modified":"2021-01-31T19:38:00","modified_gmt":"2021-01-31T19:38:00","slug":"key-terms-for-learning","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/chapter\/key-terms-for-learning\/","title":{"raw":"Key Terms for Learning","rendered":"Key Terms for Learning"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n \t
acquisition<\/dt>\r\n \t
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
associative learning<\/dt>\r\n \t
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
classical conditioning<\/dt>\r\n \t
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behaviour and then gets paired or associated with the behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
cognitive map<\/dt>\r\n \t
mental picture of the layout of the environment<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
conditioned response (CR)<\/dt>\r\n \t
response caused by the conditioned stimulus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
conditioned stimulus (CS)<\/dt>\r\n \t
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
continuous reinforcement<\/dt>\r\n \t
rewarding a behaviour every time it occurs<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
extinction<\/dt>\r\n \t
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
fear conditioning<\/dt>\r\n \t
a type of classical conditioning that elicits a fear response<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
fixed interval reinforcement schedule<\/dt>\r\n \t
behaviour is rewarded after a set amount of time<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule<\/dt>\r\n \t
set number of responses must occur before a behaviour is rewarded<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
higher-order conditioning<\/dt>\r\n \t
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
insight<\/dt>\r\n \t
the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
instinct<\/dt>\r\n \t
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behaviour; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
latent learning<\/dt>\r\n \t
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
law of effect<\/dt>\r\n \t
behaviour that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviours that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
learning<\/dt>\r\n \t
change in behaviour or knowledge that is the result of experience<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
model<\/dt>\r\n \t
person who performs a behaviour that serves as an example (in observational learning)<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
negative punishment<\/dt>\r\n \t
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
negative reinforcement<\/dt>\r\n \t
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
neutral stimulus (NS)<\/dt>\r\n \t
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
observational learning<\/dt>\r\n \t
type of learning that occurs by watching others<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
operant conditioning<\/dt>\r\n \t
form of learning in which the stimulus\/experience happens after the behaviour is demonstrated<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
partial reinforcement<\/dt>\r\n \t
rewarding behaviour only some of the time<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
positive punishment<\/dt>\r\n \t
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
positive reinforcement<\/dt>\r\n \t
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
primary reinforcer<\/dt>\r\n \t
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
punishment<\/dt>\r\n \t
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
radical behaviourism<\/dt>\r\n \t
staunch form of behaviourism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
reflex<\/dt>\r\n \t
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
reinforcement<\/dt>\r\n \t
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
secondary reinforcer<\/dt>\r\n \t
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
shaping<\/dt>\r\n \t
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
spontaneous recovery<\/dt>\r\n \t
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
stimulus discrimination<\/dt>\r\n \t
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
stimulus generalization<\/dt>\r\n \t
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
unconditioned response (UCR)<\/dt>\r\n \t
natural (unlearned) behaviour to a given stimulus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
unconditioned stimulus (US)<\/dt>\r\n \t
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
variable interval reinforcement schedule<\/dt>\r\n \t
behaviour is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
variable ratio reinforcement schedule<\/dt>\r\n \t
number of responses differ before a behaviour is rewarded<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
vicarious punishment<\/dt>\r\n \t
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model\u2019s behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
vicarious reinforcement<\/dt>\r\n \t
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model\u2019s behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>","rendered":"
\n
acquisition<\/dt>\n
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
associative learning<\/dt>\n
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
classical conditioning<\/dt>\n
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behaviour and then gets paired or associated with the behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
cognitive map<\/dt>\n
mental picture of the layout of the environment<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
conditioned response (CR)<\/dt>\n
response caused by the conditioned stimulus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
conditioned stimulus (CS)<\/dt>\n
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
continuous reinforcement<\/dt>\n
rewarding a behaviour every time it occurs<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
extinction<\/dt>\n
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
fear conditioning<\/dt>\n
a type of classical conditioning that elicits a fear response<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
fixed interval reinforcement schedule<\/dt>\n
behaviour is rewarded after a set amount of time<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule<\/dt>\n
set number of responses must occur before a behaviour is rewarded<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
higher-order conditioning<\/dt>\n
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
insight<\/dt>\n
the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
instinct<\/dt>\n
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behaviour; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
latent learning<\/dt>\n
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
law of effect<\/dt>\n
behaviour that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviours that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
learning<\/dt>\n
change in behaviour or knowledge that is the result of experience<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
model<\/dt>\n
person who performs a behaviour that serves as an example (in observational learning)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
negative punishment<\/dt>\n
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
negative reinforcement<\/dt>\n
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
neutral stimulus (NS)<\/dt>\n
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
observational learning<\/dt>\n
type of learning that occurs by watching others<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
operant conditioning<\/dt>\n
form of learning in which the stimulus\/experience happens after the behaviour is demonstrated<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
partial reinforcement<\/dt>\n
rewarding behaviour only some of the time<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
positive punishment<\/dt>\n
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
positive reinforcement<\/dt>\n
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
primary reinforcer<\/dt>\n
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
punishment<\/dt>\n
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
radical behaviourism<\/dt>\n
staunch form of behaviourism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
reflex<\/dt>\n
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
reinforcement<\/dt>\n
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
secondary reinforcer<\/dt>\n
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
shaping<\/dt>\n
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
spontaneous recovery<\/dt>\n
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
stimulus discrimination<\/dt>\n
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
stimulus generalization<\/dt>\n
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
unconditioned response (UCR)<\/dt>\n
natural (unlearned) behaviour to a given stimulus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
unconditioned stimulus (US)<\/dt>\n
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
variable interval reinforcement schedule<\/dt>\n
behaviour is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
variable ratio reinforcement schedule<\/dt>\n
number of responses differ before a behaviour is rewarded<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
vicarious punishment<\/dt>\n
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model\u2019s behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
vicarious reinforcement<\/dt>\n
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model\u2019s behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":29,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/295"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/295\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1496,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/295\/revisions\/1496"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/29"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/295\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=295"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=295"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=295"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=295"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}