{"id":300,"date":"2020-05-05T18:46:19","date_gmt":"2020-05-05T18:46:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/?post_type=chapter&p=300"},"modified":"2021-01-31T19:50:14","modified_gmt":"2021-01-31T19:50:14","slug":"review-questions-for-learning","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/chapter\/review-questions-for-learning\/","title":{"raw":"Review Questions for Learning","rendered":"Review Questions for Learning"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\n<\/a>Click here<\/a> for the Answer Key\r\n

Multiple-Choice Questions<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.\u00a0<\/span>Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. child riding a bike<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. teen socializing<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. infant sucking on a nipple<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. toddler walking<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
    <\/header>
    \r\n
    \r\n\r\n2<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that ________.<\/span>\r\n
    \r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. is innate<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. occurs as a result of experience<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. is found only in humans<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. occurs by observing others<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
      <\/header>
      \r\n
      \r\n\r\n3<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.<\/span>\r\n
      \r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. classical conditioning; operant conditioning<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. operant conditioning; observational learning<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. operant conditioning; learning conditioning<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
        <\/header>
        \r\n
        \r\n\r\n4<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behaviour and then gets paired with the behaviour.<\/span>\r\n
        \r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. associative learning<\/li>\r\n \t
        2. observational learning<\/li>\r\n \t
        3. operant conditioning<\/li>\r\n \t
        4. classical conditioning<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>
          \r\n
          <\/header>
          \r\n
          \r\n\r\n5<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.<\/span>\r\n
          \r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. unconditioned stimulus<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. neutral stimulus<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. conditioned stimulus<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. unconditioned response<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
            <\/header>
            \r\n
            \r\n\r\n6<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>In Watson and Rayner\u2019s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.<\/span>\r\n
            \r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. higher order conditioning<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. acquisition<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. stimulus discrimination<\/li>\r\n \t
            4. stimulus generalization<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
              <\/header>
              \r\n
              \r\n\r\n7<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Extinction occurs when ________.<\/span>\r\n
              \r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus<\/li>\r\n \t
              2. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus<\/li>\r\n \t
              3. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus<\/li>\r\n \t
              4. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                <\/header>
                \r\n
                \r\n\r\n8<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>In Pavlov\u2019s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.<\/span>\r\n
                \r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. unconditioned responses<\/li>\r\n \t
                2. conditioned responses<\/li>\r\n \t
                3. unconditioned stimuli<\/li>\r\n \t
                4. conditioned stimuli<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>
                  \r\n
                  <\/header>
                  \r\n
                  \r\n\r\n9<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behaviour.<\/span>\r\n
                  \r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. positive reinforcement<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. negative reinforcement<\/li>\r\n \t
                  3. positive punishment<\/li>\r\n \t
                  4. negative punishment<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                    <\/header>
                    \r\n
                    \r\n\r\n10<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Which of the following is\u00a0<\/span>not<\/em>\u00a0an example of a primary reinforcer?<\/span>\r\n
                    \r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. food<\/li>\r\n \t
                    2. money<\/li>\r\n \t
                    3. water<\/li>\r\n \t
                    4. sex<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                      <\/header>
                      \r\n
                      \r\n\r\n11<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behaviour is ________.<\/span>\r\n
                      \r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. shaping<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. extinction<\/li>\r\n \t
                      3. positive reinforcement<\/li>\r\n \t
                      4. negative reinforcement<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                        <\/header>
                        \r\n
                        \r\n\r\n12<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?<\/span>\r\n
                        \r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        1. fixed ratio<\/li>\r\n \t
                        2. variable ratio<\/li>\r\n \t
                        3. fixed interval<\/li>\r\n \t
                        4. variable interval<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>
                          \r\n
                          <\/header>
                          \r\n
                          \r\n\r\n13<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>The person who performs a behaviour that serves as an example is called a ________.<\/span>\r\n
                          \r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          1. teacher<\/li>\r\n \t
                          2. model<\/li>\r\n \t
                          3. instructor<\/li>\r\n \t
                          4. coach<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                            <\/header>
                            \r\n
                            \r\n\r\n14<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>In Bandura\u2019s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.<\/span>\r\n
                            \r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            1. ignored the doll<\/li>\r\n \t
                            2. played nicely with the doll<\/li>\r\n \t
                            3. played with tinker toys<\/li>\r\n \t
                            4. kicked and threw the doll<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                              <\/header>
                              \r\n
                              \r\n\r\n15<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Which is the correct order of steps in the modelling process?<\/span>\r\n
                              \r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              1. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation<\/li>\r\n \t
                              2. motivation, attention, reproduction, retention<\/li>\r\n \t
                              3. attention, motivation, retention, reproduction<\/li>\r\n \t
                              4. motivation, attention, retention, reproduction<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                                <\/header>
                                \r\n
                                \r\n\r\n16<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Who proposed observational learning?<\/span>\r\n
                                \r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                1. Ivan Pavlov<\/li>\r\n \t
                                2. John Watson<\/li>\r\n \t
                                3. Albert Bandura<\/li>\r\n \t
                                4. B. F. Skinner<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nCritical Thinking Questions<\/strong>\r\n\r\n
                                  \r\n
                                  \r\n
                                  17<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? How do they differ?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  18<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is the difference between a reflex and a learned behaviour?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>
                                  \r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  19<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>If the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what are the US, CS, and CR?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  20<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Explain how the processes of stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are considered opposites.<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  21<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>
                                  \r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  22<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is a Skinner box and what is its purpose?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  23<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  24<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is shaping and how would you use shaping to teach a dog to roll over?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>
                                  \r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  25<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is the effect of prosocial modelling and antisocial modelling?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  26<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Etienne is 17 years old. Both of Etienne's parents drink alcohol every night. They tell Etienne that drinking is bad and that Etienne shouldn\u2019t do it. Etienne goes to a party where beer is being served. What do you think Etienne will do? Why?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n
                                  \r\n\r\nPersonal Application Questions<\/strong>\r\n\r\n
                                  \r\n
                                  \r\n
                                  27<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is your personal definition of learning? How do your ideas about learning compare with the definition of learning presented in this text?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  28<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What kinds of things have you learned through the process of classical conditioning? Operant conditioning? Observational learning? How did you learn them?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>
                                  \r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  29<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Can you think of an example in your life of how classical conditioning has produced a positive emotional response, such as happiness or excitement? How about a negative emotional response, such as fear, anxiety, or anger?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>
                                  \r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  30<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Explain the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment, and provide several examples of each based on your own experiences.<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  31<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Think of a behaviour that you have that you would like to change. How could you use behaviour modification, specifically positive reinforcement, to change your behaviour? What is your positive reinforcer?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>
                                  \r\n
                                  <\/header>
                                  \r\n
                                  32<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is something you have learned how to do after watching someone else?<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"
                                  \n
                                  \n
                                  \n
                                  \n

                                  <\/a>Click here<\/a> for the Answer Key<\/p>\n

                                  Multiple-Choice Questions<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                                  1.\u00a0<\/span>Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?<\/span><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                    \n
                                  1. child riding a bike<\/li>\n
                                  2. teen socializing<\/li>\n
                                  3. infant sucking on a nipple<\/li>\n
                                  4. toddler walking<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                    \n
                                    <\/header>\n
                                    \n
                                    \n

                                    2<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that ________.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                      \n
                                    1. is innate<\/li>\n
                                    2. occurs as a result of experience<\/li>\n
                                    3. is found only in humans<\/li>\n
                                    4. occurs by observing others<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                      \n
                                      <\/header>\n
                                      \n
                                      \n

                                      3<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                        \n
                                      1. classical conditioning; operant conditioning<\/li>\n
                                      2. classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning<\/li>\n
                                      3. operant conditioning; observational learning<\/li>\n
                                      4. operant conditioning; learning conditioning<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                        \n
                                        <\/header>\n
                                        \n
                                        \n

                                        4<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behaviour and then gets paired with the behaviour.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                          \n
                                        1. associative learning<\/li>\n
                                        2. observational learning<\/li>\n
                                        3. operant conditioning<\/li>\n
                                        4. classical conditioning<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
                                          \n
                                          \n
                                          <\/header>\n
                                          \n
                                          \n

                                          5<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                            \n
                                          1. unconditioned stimulus<\/li>\n
                                          2. neutral stimulus<\/li>\n
                                          3. conditioned stimulus<\/li>\n
                                          4. unconditioned response<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                            \n
                                            <\/header>\n
                                            \n
                                            \n

                                            6<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>In Watson and Rayner\u2019s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                              \n
                                            1. higher order conditioning<\/li>\n
                                            2. acquisition<\/li>\n
                                            3. stimulus discrimination<\/li>\n
                                            4. stimulus generalization<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                              \n
                                              <\/header>\n
                                              \n
                                              \n

                                              7<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Extinction occurs when ________.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                                \n
                                              1. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus<\/li>\n
                                              2. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus<\/li>\n
                                              3. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus<\/li>\n
                                              4. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                \n
                                                <\/header>\n
                                                \n
                                                \n

                                                8<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>In Pavlov\u2019s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                                  \n
                                                1. unconditioned responses<\/li>\n
                                                2. conditioned responses<\/li>\n
                                                3. unconditioned stimuli<\/li>\n
                                                4. conditioned stimuli<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
                                                  \n
                                                  \n
                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                  \n
                                                  \n

                                                  9<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behaviour.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                    \n
                                                  1. positive reinforcement<\/li>\n
                                                  2. negative reinforcement<\/li>\n
                                                  3. positive punishment<\/li>\n
                                                  4. negative punishment<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                    \n
                                                    <\/header>\n
                                                    \n
                                                    \n

                                                    10<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Which of the following is\u00a0<\/span>not<\/em>\u00a0an example of a primary reinforcer?<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                      \n
                                                    1. food<\/li>\n
                                                    2. money<\/li>\n
                                                    3. water<\/li>\n
                                                    4. sex<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                      \n
                                                      <\/header>\n
                                                      \n
                                                      \n

                                                      11<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behaviour is ________.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                        \n
                                                      1. shaping<\/li>\n
                                                      2. extinction<\/li>\n
                                                      3. positive reinforcement<\/li>\n
                                                      4. negative reinforcement<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                        \n
                                                        <\/header>\n
                                                        \n
                                                        \n

                                                        12<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                          \n
                                                        1. fixed ratio<\/li>\n
                                                        2. variable ratio<\/li>\n
                                                        3. fixed interval<\/li>\n
                                                        4. variable interval<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
                                                          \n
                                                          \n
                                                          <\/header>\n
                                                          \n
                                                          \n

                                                          13<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>The person who performs a behaviour that serves as an example is called a ________.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                            \n
                                                          1. teacher<\/li>\n
                                                          2. model<\/li>\n
                                                          3. instructor<\/li>\n
                                                          4. coach<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                            \n
                                                            <\/header>\n
                                                            \n
                                                            \n

                                                            14<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>In Bandura\u2019s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                              \n
                                                            1. ignored the doll<\/li>\n
                                                            2. played nicely with the doll<\/li>\n
                                                            3. played with tinker toys<\/li>\n
                                                            4. kicked and threw the doll<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                              \n
                                                              <\/header>\n
                                                              \n
                                                              \n

                                                              15<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Which is the correct order of steps in the modelling process?<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation<\/li>\n
                                                              2. motivation, attention, reproduction, retention<\/li>\n
                                                              3. attention, motivation, retention, reproduction<\/li>\n
                                                              4. motivation, attention, retention, reproduction<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                \n
                                                                <\/header>\n
                                                                \n
                                                                \n

                                                                16<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Who proposed observational learning?<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                                  \n
                                                                1. Ivan Pavlov<\/li>\n
                                                                2. John Watson<\/li>\n
                                                                3. Albert Bandura<\/li>\n
                                                                4. B. F. Skinner<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                  Critical Thinking Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  17<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? How do they differ?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  18<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is the difference between a reflex and a learned behaviour?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  19<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>If the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what are the US, CS, and CR?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  20<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Explain how the processes of stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are considered opposites.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  21<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  22<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is a Skinner box and what is its purpose?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  23<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  24<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is shaping and how would you use shaping to teach a dog to roll over?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  25<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is the effect of prosocial modelling and antisocial modelling?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  <\/header>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                  26<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Etienne is 17 years old. Both of Etienne’s parents drink alcohol every night. They tell Etienne that drinking is bad and that Etienne shouldn\u2019t do it. Etienne goes to a party where beer is being served. What do you think Etienne will do? Why?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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                                                                  Personal Application Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n

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                                                                  27<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is your personal definition of learning? How do your ideas about learning compare with the definition of learning presented in this text?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
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                                                                  28<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What kinds of things have you learned through the process of classical conditioning? Operant conditioning? Observational learning? How did you learn them?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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                                                                  29<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Can you think of an example in your life of how classical conditioning has produced a positive emotional response, such as happiness or excitement? How about a negative emotional response, such as fear, anxiety, or anger?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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                                                                  30<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Explain the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment, and provide several examples of each based on your own experiences.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n
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                                                                  31<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Think of a behaviour that you have that you would like to change. How could you use behaviour modification, specifically positive reinforcement, to change your behaviour? What is your positive reinforcer?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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                                                                  32<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>What is something you have learned how to do after watching someone else?<\/span><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":29,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/300"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/300\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1993,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/300\/revisions\/1993"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/29"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/300\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=300"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=300"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=300"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=300"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}