{"id":525,"date":"2020-05-27T18:28:11","date_gmt":"2020-05-27T18:28:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/?post_type=chapter&p=525"},"modified":"2020-09-07T19:13:33","modified_gmt":"2020-09-07T19:13:33","slug":"key-terms-for-language-intelligence","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/chapter\/key-terms-for-language-intelligence\/","title":{"raw":"Key Terms for Language & Intelligence","rendered":"Key Terms for Language & Intelligence"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n \t
algorithm<\/dt>\r\n \t
problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
analytical intelligence<\/dt>\r\n \t
aligned with academic problem solving and computations<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
anchoring bias<\/dt>\r\n \t
faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
artificial concept<\/dt>\r\n \t
concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
availability heuristic<\/dt>\r\n \t
faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
cognition<\/dt>\r\n \t
thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
cognitive psychology<\/dt>\r\n \t
field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
cognitive script<\/dt>\r\n \t
set of behaviours that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
concept<\/dt>\r\n \t
category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
confirmation bias<\/dt>\r\n \t
faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
convergent thinking<\/dt>\r\n \t
providing correct or established answers to problems<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
creative intelligence<\/dt>\r\n \t
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
creativity<\/dt>\r\n \t
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
crystallized intelligence<\/dt>\r\n \t
characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
cultural intelligence<\/dt>\r\n \t
ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
deductive reasoning<\/dt>\r\n \t
applying general rules to specific observations (the opposite of inductive reasoning)<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
divergent thinking<\/dt>\r\n \t
ability to think \u201coutside the box\u201d to arrive at novel solutions to a problem<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
emotional intelligence<\/dt>\r\n \t
ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
event schema<\/dt>\r\n \t
set of behaviours that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
fluid intelligence<\/dt>\r\n \t
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
Flynn effect<\/dt>\r\n \t
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
functional fixedness<\/dt>\r\n \t
inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
grammar<\/dt>\r\n \t
set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
heuristic<\/dt>\r\n \t
mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
hindsight bias<\/dt>\r\n \t
belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn\u2019t<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
inductive reasoning<\/dt>\r\n \t
drawing general conclusions from specific observations<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
intelligence quotient<\/dt>\r\n \t
(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
language<\/dt>\r\n \t
communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
lexicon<\/dt>\r\n \t
the words of a given language<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
mental set<\/dt>\r\n \t
continually using an old solution to a problem without results<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
morpheme<\/dt>\r\n \t
smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
Multiple Intelligences Theory<\/dt>\r\n \t
Gardner\u2019s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
natural concept<\/dt>\r\n \t
mental groupings that are created \u201cnaturally\u201d through your experiences<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
norming<\/dt>\r\n \t
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
overgeneralization<\/dt>\r\n \t
extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
phoneme<\/dt>\r\n \t
basic sound unit of a given language<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
practical intelligence<\/dt>\r\n \t
aka \u201cstreet smarts\u201d<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
problem-solving strategy<\/dt>\r\n \t
method for solving problems<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
prototype<\/dt>\r\n \t
best representation of a concept<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
range of reaction<\/dt>\r\n \t
each person\u2019s response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
representative bias<\/dt>\r\n \t
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
representative sample<\/dt>\r\n \t
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
role schema<\/dt>\r\n \t
set of expectations that define the behaviours of a person occupying a particular role<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
schema<\/dt>\r\n \t
(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
semantics<\/dt>\r\n \t
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
standard deviation<\/dt>\r\n \t
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
standardization<\/dt>\r\n \t
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
\r\n
\r\n \t
stereotype threat<\/dt>\r\n \t
performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes<\/em><\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/dt>\r\n \t
syntax<\/dt>\r\n \t
manner by which words are organized into sentences<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
trial and error<\/dt>\r\n \t
problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
triarchic theory of intelligence<\/dt>\r\n \t
Sternberg\u2019s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
working backwards<\/dt>\r\n \t
heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>","rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n
algorithm<\/dt>\n
problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
analytical intelligence<\/dt>\n
aligned with academic problem solving and computations<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
anchoring bias<\/dt>\n
faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
artificial concept<\/dt>\n
concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
availability heuristic<\/dt>\n
faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
cognition<\/dt>\n
thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
cognitive psychology<\/dt>\n
field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
cognitive script<\/dt>\n
set of behaviours that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
concept<\/dt>\n
category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
confirmation bias<\/dt>\n
faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
convergent thinking<\/dt>\n
providing correct or established answers to problems<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
creative intelligence<\/dt>\n
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
creativity<\/dt>\n
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
crystallized intelligence<\/dt>\n
characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
cultural intelligence<\/dt>\n
ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
deductive reasoning<\/dt>\n
applying general rules to specific observations (the opposite of inductive reasoning)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
divergent thinking<\/dt>\n
ability to think \u201coutside the box\u201d to arrive at novel solutions to a problem<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
emotional intelligence<\/dt>\n
ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
event schema<\/dt>\n
set of behaviours that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
fluid intelligence<\/dt>\n
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Flynn effect<\/dt>\n
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
functional fixedness<\/dt>\n
inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
grammar<\/dt>\n
set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
heuristic<\/dt>\n
mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
hindsight bias<\/dt>\n
belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn\u2019t<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
inductive reasoning<\/dt>\n
drawing general conclusions from specific observations<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
intelligence quotient<\/dt>\n
(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
language<\/dt>\n
communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
lexicon<\/dt>\n
the words of a given language<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
mental set<\/dt>\n
continually using an old solution to a problem without results<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
morpheme<\/dt>\n
smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Multiple Intelligences Theory<\/dt>\n
Gardner\u2019s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
natural concept<\/dt>\n
mental groupings that are created \u201cnaturally\u201d through your experiences<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
norming<\/dt>\n
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
overgeneralization<\/dt>\n
extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
phoneme<\/dt>\n
basic sound unit of a given language<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
practical intelligence<\/dt>\n
aka \u201cstreet smarts\u201d<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
problem-solving strategy<\/dt>\n
method for solving problems<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
prototype<\/dt>\n
best representation of a concept<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
range of reaction<\/dt>\n
each person\u2019s response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
representative bias<\/dt>\n
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
representative sample<\/dt>\n
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
role schema<\/dt>\n
set of expectations that define the behaviours of a person occupying a particular role<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
schema<\/dt>\n
(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
semantics<\/dt>\n
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
standard deviation<\/dt>\n
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
standardization<\/dt>\n
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
\n<\/dt>\n
stereotype threat<\/dt>\n
performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes<\/em><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

\tsyntax
\n \tmanner by which words are organized into sentences<\/p>\n

\n
trial and error<\/dt>\n
problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
triarchic theory of intelligence<\/dt>\n
Sternberg\u2019s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
working backwards<\/dt>\n
heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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