{"id":575,"date":"2020-06-10T18:20:06","date_gmt":"2020-06-10T18:20:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/?post_type=chapter&p=575"},"modified":"2022-01-04T20:10:54","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T20:10:54","slug":"key-terms","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/chapter\/key-terms\/","title":{"raw":"Key Terms","rendered":"Key Terms"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n \t
accommodation<\/dt>\r\n \t
adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
adolescence<\/dt>\r\n \t
period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
adrenarche<\/dt>\r\n \t
maturing of the adrenal glands<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
advance directive<\/dt>\r\n \t
a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants (see living will)<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
assimilation<\/dt>\r\n \t
adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
attachment<\/dt>\r\n \t
long-standing connection or bond with others<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
authoritarian parenting style<\/dt>\r\n \t
parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
authoritative parenting style<\/dt>\r\n \t
parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child\u2019s point of view<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
avoidant attachment<\/dt>\r\n \t
characterized by child\u2019s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\ncephalocaudal development<\/strong>\r\npattern of growth from the head down; also referred to as development from head to toe<\/em>\r\n
\r\n \t
cognitive development<\/dt>\r\n \t
domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
cognitive empathy<\/dt>\r\n \t
ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
conception<\/dt>\r\n \t
when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
concrete operational stage<\/dt>\r\n \t
third stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
conservation<\/dt>\r\n \t
idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
continuous development<\/dt>\r\n \t
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
critical (sensitive) period<\/dt>\r\n \t
time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
developmental milestone<\/dt>\r\n \t
approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
discontinuous development<\/dt>\r\n \t
view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
disorganized attachment<\/dt>\r\n \t
characterized by the child\u2019s odd behaviour when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
do not resuscitate (DNR)<\/dt>\r\n \t
a legal document stating that if a person stops breathing their heart stops, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
egocentrism<\/dt>\r\n \t
preoperational child\u2019s difficulty in taking the perspective of others<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
embryo<\/dt>\r\n \t
multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
emerging adulthood<\/dt>\r\n \t
newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
fine motor skills<\/dt>\r\n \t
use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
formal operational stage<\/dt>\r\n \t
final stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
gonadarche<\/dt>\r\n \t
maturing of the sex glands<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
gross motor skills<\/dt>\r\n \t
use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
health care proxy<\/dt>\r\n \t
a legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if they are unable to speak for themselves<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
hospice<\/dt>\r\n \t
service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
intergenerational trauma<\/dt>\r\n \t
trauma that is so significant, it impacts not only the Survivors, but subsequent generations (e.g., children and grandchildren)<\/em><\/dt>\r\n \t
<\/dt>\r\n \t
<\/dt>\r\n \t
<\/dt>\r\n \t
<\/dt>\r\n \t
living will<\/dt>\r\n \t
a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants; may include health care proxy<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
menarche<\/dt>\r\n \t
beginning of menstrual period; around 12\u201313 years old<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
mitosis<\/dt>\r\n \t
process of cell division<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
motor skills<\/dt>\r\n \t
ability to move our body and manipulate objects<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
nature<\/dt>\r\n \t
genes and biology<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
newborn reflexes<\/dt>\r\n \t
inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
normative approach<\/dt>\r\n \t
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
nurture<\/dt>\r\n \t
environment and culture<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
object permanence<\/dt>\r\n \t
idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
permissive parenting style<\/dt>\r\n \t
parents make few demands and rarely use punishment<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
physical development<\/dt>\r\n \t
domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
placenta<\/dt>\r\n \t
structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
prenatal care<\/dt>\r\n \t
medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
preoperational stage<\/dt>\r\n \t
second stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
primary sexual characteristics<\/dt>\r\n \t
organs specifically needed for reproduction<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\nproximodistal development<\/strong>\r\ntendency for growth to start in the\u202fcentre\u202fof the body and move outwards to the extremities<\/em>\r\n
\r\n \t
psychosexual development<\/dt>\r\n \t
process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
psychosocial development<\/dt>\r\n \t
domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
psychosocial development<\/dt>\r\n \t
process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
resistant attachment<\/dt>\r\n \t
characterized by the child\u2019s tendency to show clingy behaviour and rejection of the parent when the parent attempts to interact with the child<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
reversibility<\/dt>\r\n \t
principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
schema<\/dt>\r\n \t
(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
secondary sexual characteristics<\/dt>\r\n \t
physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
secure attachment<\/dt>\r\n \t
characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
secure base<\/dt>\r\n \t
parental presence that gives the infant\/toddler a sense of safety as they explores their surroundings<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
sensorimotor stage<\/dt>\r\n \t
first stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behaviour<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
socioemotional selectivity theory<\/dt>\r\n \t
social support\/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
spermarche<\/dt>\r\n \t
first penile ejaculation<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
stage of moral reasoning<\/dt>\r\n \t
process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
temperament<\/dt>\r\n \t
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
teratogen<\/dt>\r\n \t
biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
uninvolved parenting style<\/dt>\r\n \t
parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don\u2019t respond to the child\u2019s needs and make relatively few demands<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
zygote<\/dt>\r\n \t
structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>","rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n
accommodation<\/dt>\n
adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
adolescence<\/dt>\n
period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
adrenarche<\/dt>\n
maturing of the adrenal glands<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
advance directive<\/dt>\n
a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants (see living will)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
assimilation<\/dt>\n
adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
attachment<\/dt>\n
long-standing connection or bond with others<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
authoritarian parenting style<\/dt>\n
parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
authoritative parenting style<\/dt>\n
parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child\u2019s point of view<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
avoidant attachment<\/dt>\n
characterized by child\u2019s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

cephalocaudal development<\/strong>
\npattern of growth from the head down; also referred to as development from head to toe<\/em><\/p>\n

\n
cognitive development<\/dt>\n
domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
cognitive empathy<\/dt>\n
ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
conception<\/dt>\n
when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
concrete operational stage<\/dt>\n
third stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
conservation<\/dt>\n
idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
continuous development<\/dt>\n
view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
critical (sensitive) period<\/dt>\n
time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
developmental milestone<\/dt>\n
approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
discontinuous development<\/dt>\n
view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
disorganized attachment<\/dt>\n
characterized by the child\u2019s odd behaviour when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
do not resuscitate (DNR)<\/dt>\n
a legal document stating that if a person stops breathing their heart stops, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
egocentrism<\/dt>\n
preoperational child\u2019s difficulty in taking the perspective of others<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
embryo<\/dt>\n
multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
emerging adulthood<\/dt>\n
newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
fine motor skills<\/dt>\n
use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
formal operational stage<\/dt>\n
final stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
gonadarche<\/dt>\n
maturing of the sex glands<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
gross motor skills<\/dt>\n
use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
health care proxy<\/dt>\n
a legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if they are unable to speak for themselves<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
hospice<\/dt>\n
service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
intergenerational trauma<\/dt>\n
trauma that is so significant, it impacts not only the Survivors, but subsequent generations (e.g., children and grandchildren)<\/em><\/dt>\n
<\/dt>\n
<\/dt>\n
<\/dt>\n
<\/dt>\n
living will<\/dt>\n
a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants; may include health care proxy<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
menarche<\/dt>\n
beginning of menstrual period; around 12\u201313 years old<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
mitosis<\/dt>\n
process of cell division<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
motor skills<\/dt>\n
ability to move our body and manipulate objects<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
nature<\/dt>\n
genes and biology<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
newborn reflexes<\/dt>\n
inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
normative approach<\/dt>\n
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
nurture<\/dt>\n
environment and culture<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
object permanence<\/dt>\n
idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
permissive parenting style<\/dt>\n
parents make few demands and rarely use punishment<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
physical development<\/dt>\n
domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
placenta<\/dt>\n
structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
prenatal care<\/dt>\n
medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
preoperational stage<\/dt>\n
second stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
primary sexual characteristics<\/dt>\n
organs specifically needed for reproduction<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

proximodistal development<\/strong>
\ntendency for growth to start in the\u202fcentre\u202fof the body and move outwards to the extremities<\/em><\/p>\n

\n
psychosexual development<\/dt>\n
process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
psychosocial development<\/dt>\n
domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
psychosocial development<\/dt>\n
process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
resistant attachment<\/dt>\n
characterized by the child\u2019s tendency to show clingy behaviour and rejection of the parent when the parent attempts to interact with the child<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
reversibility<\/dt>\n
principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
schema<\/dt>\n
(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
secondary sexual characteristics<\/dt>\n
physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
secure attachment<\/dt>\n
characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
secure base<\/dt>\n
parental presence that gives the infant\/toddler a sense of safety as they explores their surroundings<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
sensorimotor stage<\/dt>\n
first stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behaviour<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
socioemotional selectivity theory<\/dt>\n
social support\/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
spermarche<\/dt>\n
first penile ejaculation<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
stage of moral reasoning<\/dt>\n
process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
temperament<\/dt>\n
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
teratogen<\/dt>\n
biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
uninvolved parenting style<\/dt>\n
parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don\u2019t respond to the child\u2019s needs and make relatively few demands<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
zygote<\/dt>\n
structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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