{"id":647,"date":"2020-06-17T16:08:11","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T16:08:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=647"},"modified":"2020-12-20T20:55:40","modified_gmt":"2020-12-20T20:55:40","slug":"humanistic-approaches","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/chapter\/humanistic-approaches\/","title":{"raw":"Humanistic Approaches","rendered":"Humanistic Approaches"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"PageContent-ny9bj0-0 iapMdy\">\r\n<div id=\"main-content\" class=\"MainContent__HideOutline-sc-6yy1if-0 bdVAq\">\r\n<div id=\"6f73583b-38e0-4db0-9c56-074867cde6ab\">\r\n<div id=\"19603\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\"><section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">By the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the contributions of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers to personality development<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm29338080\">As the \u201cthird force\u201d in psychology,\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term731\" class=\"no-emphasis\">humanism<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis, with its emphasis on psychological disturbance, and to the behaviourists\u2019 view of humans passively reacting to the environment, which has been criticized as making people out to be personality-less robots. It does not suggest that psychoanalytic, behaviourist, and other points of view are incorrect but argues that these perspectives do not recognize the depth and meaning of human experience, and fail to recognize the innate capacity for self-directed change and transforming personal experiences. This perspective focuses on how healthy people develop.<\/p>\r\nOne pioneering humanist, Abraham\u00a0<span id=\"term732\" class=\"no-emphasis\">Maslow<\/span>, studied people who he considered to be healthy, creative, and productive, including Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and others. Maslow (1950, 1970) found that such people share similar characteristics, such as being open, creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, concerned for others, and accepting of themselves. When you studied motivation, you learned about one of the best-known humanistic theories, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory (Figure P.13), in which Maslow proposes that human beings have certain needs in common and that these needs must be met in a certain order. The highest need is the need for self-actualization, which is the achievement of our fullest potential. Maslow differentiated between needs that motivate us to fulfill something that is missing and needs that inspire us to grow. He believed that many emotional and behavioural concerns arise as a result of failing to meet these hierarchical needs.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Psych_01_02_Maslow\" class=\"os-figure\">\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"487\"]<img id=\"34175\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/resources\/5f0eef99d3f3cb1a0c4028d1956e0112d361a5a7\" alt=\"A triangle is divided vertically into five sections with corresponding labels inside and outside of the triangle for each section. From top to bottom, the triangle's sections are labeled: self-actualization corresponds to \u201cInner fulfillment\u201d esteem corresponds to \u201cSelf-worth, accomplishment, confidence\u201d; social corresponds to \u201cFamily, friendship, intimacy, belonging\u201d security corresponds to \u201cSafety, employment, assets\u201d; \u201cphysiological corresponds to Food, water, shelter, warmth.\u201d\" width=\"487\" height=\"556\" \/> Figure P.13\u00a0Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs is shown.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm60943184\">Carl\u00a0<span id=\"term18\" class=\"no-emphasis\">Rogers<\/span>\u00a0(1902\u20131987) was also an American psychologist who, like\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\">Maslow<\/span>, emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-2-history-of-psychology#CNX_Psych_01_02_Rogers\">Figure P.14<\/a>). Rogers used a therapeutic technique known as client-centred therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy. Unlike a psychoanalytic approach in which the therapist plays an important role in interpreting what conscious behaviour reveals about the unconscious mind, client-centred therapy involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session. Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. Unconditional positive regard refers to the fact that the therapist accepts their client for who they are, no matter what the patient might say. Provided these factors, Rogers believed that people were more than capable of dealing with and working through their own issues (Thorne &amp; Henley, 2005).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Psych_01_02_Rogers\" class=\"os-figure\">\r\n<figure>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"244\"]<img id=\"97835\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/resources\/5244cbc8c23d03e8416313e3dc1138e38d17a96b\" alt=\"A drawing depicts Carl Rogers.\" width=\"244\" height=\"319\" \/> Figure P.14\u00a0Carl Rogers, shown in this portrait, developed a client-centred therapy method that has been influential in clinical settings. (credit: \"Didius\"\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"os-caption-container\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">One of Rogers\u2019s main ideas about personality regards\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term733\">self-concept<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. How would you respond to the question, \u201cWho am I?\u201d Your answer can show how you see yourself. If your response is primarily positive, then you tend to feel good about who you are, and you see the world as a safe and positive place. If your response is mainly negative, then you may feel unhappy with who you are. Rogers further divided the self into two categories: the ideal self and the real self. The<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<span id=\"term734\">ideal self<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">is the person that you would like to be; the\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term735\">real self<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0is the person you actually are. Rogers focused on the idea that we need to achieve consistency between these two selves. We experience\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term736\">congruence<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar\u2014in other words, when our self-concept is accurate<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">High congruence leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life. Parents can help their children achieve this by giving them unconditional positive regard, or unconditional love. According to Rogers (1980), \u201cAs persons are accepted and prized, they tend to develop a more caring attitude towards themselves\u201d (p. 116). Conversely, when there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and actual selves, we experience a state Rogers called\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term737\">incongruence<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, which can lead to maladjustment. Both Rogers\u2019s and Maslow\u2019s theories focus on individual choices and do not believe that biology is deterministic.<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"PageContent-ny9bj0-0 iapMdy\">\n<div id=\"main-content\" class=\"MainContent__HideOutline-sc-6yy1if-0 bdVAq\">\n<div id=\"6f73583b-38e0-4db0-9c56-074867cde6ab\">\n<div id=\"19603\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss the contributions of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers to personality development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm29338080\">As the \u201cthird force\u201d in psychology,\u00a0<strong><span id=\"term731\" class=\"no-emphasis\">humanism<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis, with its emphasis on psychological disturbance, and to the behaviourists\u2019 view of humans passively reacting to the environment, which has been criticized as making people out to be personality-less robots. It does not suggest that psychoanalytic, behaviourist, and other points of view are incorrect but argues that these perspectives do not recognize the depth and meaning of human experience, and fail to recognize the innate capacity for self-directed change and transforming personal experiences. This perspective focuses on how healthy people develop.<\/p>\n<p>One pioneering humanist, Abraham\u00a0<span id=\"term732\" class=\"no-emphasis\">Maslow<\/span>, studied people who he considered to be healthy, creative, and productive, including Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and others. Maslow (1950, 1970) found that such people share similar characteristics, such as being open, creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, concerned for others, and accepting of themselves. When you studied motivation, you learned about one of the best-known humanistic theories, Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy of needs theory (Figure P.13), in which Maslow proposes that human beings have certain needs in common and that these needs must be met in a certain order. The highest need is the need for self-actualization, which is the achievement of our fullest potential. Maslow differentiated between needs that motivate us to fulfill something that is missing and needs that inspire us to grow. He believed that many emotional and behavioural concerns arise as a result of failing to meet these hierarchical needs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"CNX_Psych_01_02_Maslow\" class=\"os-figure\">\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 487px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"34175\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/resources\/5f0eef99d3f3cb1a0c4028d1956e0112d361a5a7\" alt=\"A triangle is divided vertically into five sections with corresponding labels inside and outside of the triangle for each section. From top to bottom, the triangle's sections are labeled: self-actualization corresponds to \u201cInner fulfillment\u201d esteem corresponds to \u201cSelf-worth, accomplishment, confidence\u201d; social corresponds to \u201cFamily, friendship, intimacy, belonging\u201d security corresponds to \u201cSafety, employment, assets\u201d; \u201cphysiological corresponds to Food, water, shelter, warmth.\u201d\" width=\"487\" height=\"556\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure P.13\u00a0Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs is shown.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm60943184\">Carl\u00a0<span id=\"term18\" class=\"no-emphasis\">Rogers<\/span>\u00a0(1902\u20131987) was also an American psychologist who, like\u00a0<span class=\"search-highlight first text last\">Maslow<\/span>, emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-2-history-of-psychology#CNX_Psych_01_02_Rogers\">Figure P.14<\/a>). Rogers used a therapeutic technique known as client-centred therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy. Unlike a psychoanalytic approach in which the therapist plays an important role in interpreting what conscious behaviour reveals about the unconscious mind, client-centred therapy involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session. Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. Unconditional positive regard refers to the fact that the therapist accepts their client for who they are, no matter what the patient might say. Provided these factors, Rogers believed that people were more than capable of dealing with and working through their own issues (Thorne &amp; Henley, 2005).<\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Psych_01_02_Rogers\" class=\"os-figure\">\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 244px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"97835\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/resources\/5244cbc8c23d03e8416313e3dc1138e38d17a96b\" alt=\"A drawing depicts Carl Rogers.\" width=\"244\" height=\"319\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure P.14\u00a0Carl Rogers, shown in this portrait, developed a client-centred therapy method that has been influential in clinical settings. (credit: &#8220;Didius&#8221;\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"os-caption-container\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">One of Rogers\u2019s main ideas about personality regards\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term733\">self-concept<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. How would you respond to the question, \u201cWho am I?\u201d Your answer can show how you see yourself. If your response is primarily positive, then you tend to feel good about who you are, and you see the world as a safe and positive place. If your response is mainly negative, then you may feel unhappy with who you are. Rogers further divided the self into two categories: the ideal self and the real self. The<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<span id=\"term734\">ideal self<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">is the person that you would like to be; the\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term735\">real self<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0is the person you actually are. Rogers focused on the idea that we need to achieve consistency between these two selves. We experience\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term736\">congruence<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar\u2014in other words, when our self-concept is accurate<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">High congruence leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life. Parents can help their children achieve this by giving them unconditional positive regard, or unconditional love. According to Rogers (1980), \u201cAs persons are accepted and prized, they tend to develop a more caring attitude towards themselves\u201d (p. 116). Conversely, when there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and actual selves, we experience a state Rogers called\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><span id=\"term737\">incongruence<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, which can lead to maladjustment. Both Rogers\u2019s and Maslow\u2019s theories focus on individual choices and do not believe that biology is deterministic.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":39,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/647"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/647\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1785,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/647\/revisions\/1785"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/39"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/647\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=647"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=647"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=647"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=647"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}