{"id":680,"date":"2020-06-17T16:29:49","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T16:29:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/?post_type=chapter&p=680"},"modified":"2020-12-18T15:02:24","modified_gmt":"2020-12-18T15:02:24","slug":"key-terms-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/digitaleditions.library.dal.ca\/intropsychneuro\/chapter\/key-terms-2\/","title":{"raw":"Key Terms","rendered":"Key Terms"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n \t
actor-observer bias<\/dt>\r\n \t
phenomenon of explaining other people\u2019s behaviours are due to internal factors and our own behaviours are due to situational forces<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
ageism<\/dt>\r\n \t
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
aggression<\/dt>\r\n \t
seeking to cause harm or pain to another person<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
altruism<\/dt>\r\n \t
humans\u2019 desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
Asch effect<\/dt>\r\n \t
group majority influences an individual\u2019s judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
attitude<\/dt>\r\n \t
evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
attribution<\/dt>\r\n \t
explanation for the behaviour of other people<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
bullying<\/dt>\r\n \t
a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
bystander effect<\/dt>\r\n \t
situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
central route persuasion<\/dt>\r\n \t
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument\u2019s worthiness<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
cognitive dissonance<\/dt>\r\n \t
psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person\u2019s behaviours, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one\u2019s positive self-perception<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
collectivist culture<\/dt>\r\n \t
culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
companionate love<\/dt>\r\n \t
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
confederate<\/dt>\r\n \t
person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
confirmation bias<\/dt>\r\n \t
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
conformity<\/dt>\r\n \t
when individuals change their behaviour to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
consummate love<\/dt>\r\n \t
type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
cyberbullying<\/dt>\r\n \t
repeated behaviour that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
diffusion of responsibility<\/dt>\r\n \t
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
discrimination<\/dt>\r\n \t
negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
dispositionism<\/dt>\r\n \t
describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behaviour is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
empathy<\/dt>\r\n \t
capacity to understand another person\u2019s perspective\u2014to feel what he or she feels<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
foot-in-the-door technique<\/dt>\r\n \t
persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favour, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favour or purchase of a larger item<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
fundamental attribution error<\/dt>\r\n \t
tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behaviour and underestimate the power of the situation<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
group polarization<\/dt>\r\n \t
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
groupthink<\/dt>\r\n \t
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
homophily<\/dt>\r\n \t
tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
homophobia<\/dt>\r\n \t
prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
hostile aggression<\/dt>\r\n \t
aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
in-group<\/dt>\r\n \t
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
in-group bias<\/dt>\r\n \t
preference for our own group over other groups<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
individualistic culture<\/dt>\r\n \t
culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
informational social influence<\/dt>\r\n \t
conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
instrumental aggression<\/dt>\r\n \t
aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
internal factor<\/dt>\r\n \t
internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
just-world hypothesis<\/dt>\r\n \t
ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
justification of effort<\/dt>\r\n \t
theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
normative social influence<\/dt>\r\n \t
conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
obedience<\/dt>\r\n \t
change of behaviour to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
out-group<\/dt>\r\n \t
group that we don\u2019t belong to\u2014one that we view as fundamentally different from us<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
peripheral route persuasion<\/dt>\r\n \t
one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
persuasion<\/dt>\r\n \t
process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
prejudice<\/dt>\r\n \t
negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
prosocial behaviour<\/dt>\r\n \t
voluntary behaviour with the intent to help other people<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
racism<\/dt>\r\n \t
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
reciprocity<\/dt>\r\n \t
give and take in relationships<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
romantic love<\/dt>\r\n \t
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
scapegoating<\/dt>\r\n \t
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
script<\/dt>\r\n \t
person\u2019s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
self-disclosure<\/dt>\r\n \t
sharing personal information in relationships<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
self-fulfilling prophecy<\/dt>\r\n \t
treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
self-serving bias<\/dt>\r\n \t
tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
sexism<\/dt>\r\n \t
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
situationism<\/dt>\r\n \t
describes a perspective that behaviour and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
social exchange theory<\/dt>\r\n \t
humans act as na\u00efve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
social facilitation<\/dt>\r\n \t
improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behaviour alone<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
social loafing<\/dt>\r\n \t
exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
social norm<\/dt>\r\n \t
group\u2019s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behaviour of its members<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
social psychology<\/dt>\r\n \t
field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
social role<\/dt>\r\n \t
socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person in a given setting or group<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
stanford prison experiment<\/dt>\r\n \t
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
stereotype<\/dt>\r\n \t
specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n
\r\n \t
triangular theory of love<\/dt>\r\n \t
model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>","rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n
actor-observer bias<\/dt>\n
phenomenon of explaining other people\u2019s behaviours are due to internal factors and our own behaviours are due to situational forces<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
ageism<\/dt>\n
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
aggression<\/dt>\n
seeking to cause harm or pain to another person<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
altruism<\/dt>\n
humans\u2019 desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Asch effect<\/dt>\n
group majority influences an individual\u2019s judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
attitude<\/dt>\n
evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
attribution<\/dt>\n
explanation for the behaviour of other people<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
bullying<\/dt>\n
a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
bystander effect<\/dt>\n
situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
central route persuasion<\/dt>\n
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument\u2019s worthiness<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
cognitive dissonance<\/dt>\n
psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person\u2019s behaviours, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one\u2019s positive self-perception<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
collectivist culture<\/dt>\n
culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
companionate love<\/dt>\n
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
confederate<\/dt>\n
person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
confirmation bias<\/dt>\n
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
conformity<\/dt>\n
when individuals change their behaviour to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
consummate love<\/dt>\n
type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
cyberbullying<\/dt>\n
repeated behaviour that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
diffusion of responsibility<\/dt>\n
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
discrimination<\/dt>\n
negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
dispositionism<\/dt>\n
describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behaviour is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
empathy<\/dt>\n
capacity to understand another person\u2019s perspective\u2014to feel what he or she feels<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
foot-in-the-door technique<\/dt>\n
persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favour, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favour or purchase of a larger item<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
fundamental attribution error<\/dt>\n
tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behaviour and underestimate the power of the situation<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
group polarization<\/dt>\n
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
groupthink<\/dt>\n
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
homophily<\/dt>\n
tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
homophobia<\/dt>\n
prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
hostile aggression<\/dt>\n
aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
in-group<\/dt>\n
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
in-group bias<\/dt>\n
preference for our own group over other groups<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
individualistic culture<\/dt>\n
culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
informational social influence<\/dt>\n
conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
instrumental aggression<\/dt>\n
aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
internal factor<\/dt>\n
internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
just-world hypothesis<\/dt>\n
ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
justification of effort<\/dt>\n
theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
normative social influence<\/dt>\n
conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
obedience<\/dt>\n
change of behaviour to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
out-group<\/dt>\n
group that we don\u2019t belong to\u2014one that we view as fundamentally different from us<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
peripheral route persuasion<\/dt>\n
one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
persuasion<\/dt>\n
process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
prejudice<\/dt>\n
negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
prosocial behaviour<\/dt>\n
voluntary behaviour with the intent to help other people<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
racism<\/dt>\n
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
reciprocity<\/dt>\n
give and take in relationships<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
romantic love<\/dt>\n
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
scapegoating<\/dt>\n
act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
script<\/dt>\n
person\u2019s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
self-disclosure<\/dt>\n
sharing personal information in relationships<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
self-fulfilling prophecy<\/dt>\n
treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
self-serving bias<\/dt>\n
tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
sexism<\/dt>\n
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
situationism<\/dt>\n
describes a perspective that behaviour and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
social exchange theory<\/dt>\n
humans act as na\u00efve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
social facilitation<\/dt>\n
improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behaviour alone<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
social loafing<\/dt>\n
exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
social norm<\/dt>\n
group\u2019s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behaviour of its members<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
social psychology<\/dt>\n
field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
social role<\/dt>\n
socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person in a given setting or group<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
stanford prison experiment<\/dt>\n
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
stereotype<\/dt>\n
specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
triangular theory of love<\/dt>\n
model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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